The diagram shows the laboratory preparation of chlorine from manganese dioxide and concentrated hydrochloric acid. The gas passes through liquid Y, then concentrated sulphuric acid, and is collected by downward delivery. MnO₂ + …HCl → MnCl₂ + …Cl₂ + …H₂O

1. aName the liquid Y and state its function. [2]
2. bState the property of chlorine that makes it possible for it to be collected by the method shown. [1]
3. cBalance the equation. [1]
4. dShow how the oxidation number of manganese has changed during this reaction. [1]
5. eExplain why this is a redox reaction. [1]
6. fChlorine dissolves in water, forming chloric(I) acid, HClO, as one of the products. Construct the equation for the reaction of chlorine with water. [1]
7. gState the action of chlorine on damp litmus paper. [1]

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